atrAnunAsikaH pUrvasya tu vA ONPANINI 83002
The next rules nasalize the previous optionally.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 990

talkaround, valid down to kAnAmreDi. The next rules replace wordfinals with ru. This rule clarifies that, if we so choose, the vowel before the ru becomes nasalized.

See also next rule.

This rule and the next affect --

83006 pumaH khayy am-pare

83007 naz chavy aprazAn

83010 nRRn pe

83012 kAn AmreDite

and some vedic rules too.

KAZIKA adhikAro 'yam. ita uttaraM yasya sthAne ruH vidhIyate tataH pUrvasya tu varNasya vA anunAsiko bhavati ityetadadhikRtaM veditavyam, yadita Urdhvam anukramiSyAmas tatra. vakSyati samaH suTi 83005. sa~skartA. sa~skatum. sa~skartavyam. atragrahaNaM ruNA saha saMniyogapratipattyartham. adhikAraparimANAparigrahe hi sati Dho Dhe lopa ityatra api pUrvasya anunAsikaH AzaGkyeta.

anunAsikAt paro 'nusvAraH ONPANINI 83004
But when not nasalizing the vowel, add M after it.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 991

The previous rule says that we may choose to nasalize certain vowels. This one says that, if we choose to not nasalize, then we must add an M sound afterwards.

Example. Rule nazcha below turns tAn + te into tA + ru + te (not into tAMs -- see Accurate translation of nazchavya ).

But the rule above says that we may choose to replace tA + ru + te with tA~ + ru + te (with nasalized A~ ) instead.

And this rule says that if we don't make the rule above work, then we must replace tA + ru + te with tAM + ru + te.

Either way, the ru will become s by kharava and visarjanIyasyasaH. So we may say either tA~ste or tAMste.

Translating together this rule and the previous rule, we get the talkaround --

" When the next rules replace with ru, we have to either nasalize the vowel that is before the ru or add M after it. "

Notice that the wording of the original rule is wrong. It should have been an-anunAsikAt paro 'nusvAraH. In my view, the an was eaten by a bookworm at some point, or succumbed to haplology.

KAZIKA anyazabdo 'trAdhyAhartavyaH. tadapekSayA ceyam anunAsikAtiti paJcamI. anunAsikAdanyo yo varNaH roH pUrvaH, yasya anunAsikaH na kRtaH, tataH paro 'nusvAra AgamaH bhavati.

samaH suTi ONPANINI 83005
sam to ( ru ) before s(uT).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 992

Because of atrAnu and anunAsikAt, this is rule means --

" Change sam into saMs or sa~s when it is before a root that got s in front. "

For instance, the root kR becomes skR when it means decorating.

Before this skR, if we use anunAsikAt, we replace sam with saMs, and we get --

sam + kRta- →samparyupe sam + skRta- saMs + skRta- → saMsskRta- →visarjanIyasyasaH saMskRta- "decorated"

but if we choose to use atrAnu instead, then we replace sam with sa~s --

sam + kRta- →samparyupe sam + skRta- sa~s + skRta- → sa~sskRta- → sa~skRta- "decorated"

In the two examples above, the last step was replacing ss with s. That was done by a vArttika. Even though the replacement is optional, it happens more often than not.

More examples --

saMskartR- "decorator"

saMskartum "to decorate"

saMskartavya- "must be decorated"

KAZIKA saMskartA. saMskartum. saMskartavyam.

pumaH khayy am-pare ONPANINI 83006
pum (to puMs or pu~s) before khay that is before am'.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 993

This "pum" is the pums- nounbase that became wordfinal and lost s by saMyogAnta.

Example --

pums- "man" + kAmA "that wants" →saMyogAnta pum + kAmA puMskAmA "woman that wants a man"

pums- "man" + kAmA "that wants" →saMyogAnta pum + kAmA pu~skAmA "woman that wants a man"

In the first example we used anunAsikAt, and in the second one atrAnu.

This rule will not work when the khay is not before an am' letter, which is almost the same thing as saying that it will not work when the khay is before a zar. As I found no sensible examples of that anywhere yet, I just made up two nonsensible ones --

puGMkSatis "destruction of men"

punMtsarus "male sword (whatever that means)"

Of course, anusvA will work here, so please pronounce puGkSatiH, puntsarus.

Boring footnote. The original rule just says "pum to ru", but I translated "pum (to puMs or pu~s)" as, because of other rules, the ru turns into Ms or ~s. The rule that turns ru into s is visarjanIyasyasaH, which, this time, is (somehow) not overriden by kupvo.

KAZIKA puMskAmA.

naz chavy a-prazAn ONPANINI 83007
(Wordfinal) n to Ms before chav.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 994

The true translation of this rule is --

" Wordfinal n to ru before chav that is before am', except the n of prazAn. "

The ru will of course turn into Ms or ~s because of anunAsikAt, atrAnu and other rules.

Now, because the atrAnu option is seldom taken, and prazAn is not very common, and most chav are followed by an am', about ninety nine percent of the time the rule just does this --

" Wordfinal n to Ms before chav. "

Let's see examples of that most common case first --

hanumAn + tiSThati hanumAMs tiSThati "hanumAn waits"

carvan + carati carvaMs carati →stozzcu carvaMz carati "walks while chewing"

gAyan + TIkate gAyaMs TIkate →STunA gAyaMS TIkate "jumps while singing"

In the above three examples I have replaced n with Ms directly. However, in fact the rule (if we use the atrAnu option, as is most often done) just replaces n with M + ru, and then two more rules change ru into s, so we should have written the change in three steps --

hanumAn + tiSThati hanumA + M + ru + tiSThati →kharava hanumAMH + tiSThati →visarjanIyasyasaH hanumAMs + tiSThati "hanumAn waits"

For examples of what happens when we use anunAsikAt, or when there is prazAn, or when the chav is not followed by an am', see accurate translation of nazchavya .

KAZIKA bhavAMzcarati. kecit tu parazabdam eva anyArthaM varNayanti. anunAsikAt paraH anunAsikAtanyaH anusvAro bhavati. yasmin pakSe 'nunAsiko na asti tatra anusvArAgamo bhavati. sa tu kasya Agamo bhavati? roH pUrvasya eva iti vartate, vyAkhyAnAdAdezo na bhavati. samaH suTi 83005. ruH vartate. samaH ityetasya ruH bhavati suTi parataH saMhitAyAM viSaye. sa~skartA. sa~skartum. sa~skartavyam. saMsskartA. saMsskartum. saMsskartavyam. atra rorvisarjanIye kRte vA zari iti pakSe visarjanIya eva prApnoti. vyavasthitavibhASA draSTavyA. tena atra nityaM sakAra eva bhavati. asminneva sUtre sakArAdezo vA nirdizyate, samaH suTi iti dvisakArako nirdezaH. samaH iti kim? upaskartA. suTi iti kim? saMkRtiH. kazcidAha saMpuMkAnAM so vaktavyaH. ruvidhau hyaniSTaprasaGgaH, saMsskartA, puMsskAmA, kAMsskAniti. pumaH khayy am-pare]. pum ityetasya ruH bhavati am'-pare khayi parataH. pu~skAmA, puMskAmA. pu~sputraH, puMsputraH. pu~sphalam puMsphalam. pu~zcalI, puMzcalI. puMskAmA ityatra visarjanIyasya kupvoK kaFpau ca iti prApnoti. tasmAdatra sakAra ebAdezo vaktavyaH. dvisakArakanirdezapakSe tu pUrvasmAdeva sUtrAt saH ityanuvartate. rutvam tu anuvartamAnam api nAtrAbhisambadhyate, sambandhAnuvRttistasya iti. khayi iti kim? puMdAsaH. puMgavaH. ampare iti kim? puMkSIram. puMkSuram. paragrahaNaM kim? pumAkhyAH. pumAcAraH. naz chavyaprazAn

nRRn pe ONPANINI 83010
( optionally) nRRn (to nRRMH) before p.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 995

The word nRRn "men" is nR- + zas --

nR + zas →prathamayo nRR + s →tasmAccha nRRn

This rule says "nRRn to ru before p", which means --

"when nRRn is in saMhitA before p, replace it with nRR + ru optionally."

Afterwards, other rules will turn the ru into Ms or ~s or F.

So if we don't apply this rule, we say --

nRRnn + pAhi → nRRn pAhi "protect the men!"

and if we apply it --

nRRn + pAhi nRR + ru →anunAsikAtpa nRRMr →kharava nRRMH pAhi "protect the men!"

nRRn + pAhi nRR + ru →atrAnu nRR~r →kharava nRR~H pAhi "protect the men!"

Of course, in the last two cases we may also say nRRMF pAhi and nRR~F pAhi, by kupvoKkaFpauca.

KAZIKA nRRn ity etasya na-kArasya rur bhavati pa-zabde parataH. akAraH uccAraNArthaH. nRR~H pAhi, nRRMH pAhi. nRR~H prINIhi, nRRMH prINIhi. pe iti kim? nRRn bhojayati. ubhayathA ity api kecid anuvartayanti nRRn pAhi ity api yathA syAt.

kAn AmreDite ONPANINI 83012
Replace kAn with ru before its repeat.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 996

As earlier, the ru will turn into ~s or Ms.

Only example --

kAn + kAn kA~skAn "which of them?"

kAn + kAn kAMskAn "which of them?"

KAZIKA kAnityetasya nakArsya ruH bhavati AmreDite parataH. kAMskAnAmantrayate. kAMskAn bhojayati. asya kaskadiSu pATho draSTavyaH. tena kupvo KkaFpau ca iti na bhavati. samaH suTi ity ato vA sakAro 'nuvartate, sa eva atra vidhIyate. pUrveSu yogeSu sambandhAvRttyA gatasya roH atra anabhisambandhaH. AmreDite iti kim? kAn kAn pazyati. eko 'tra kutsAyAm.

The s stays here, unaffected by the H or K replacement of kupvoKka, because of the exception kaskAdiSuca.

Dho Dhe lopaH ONPANINI 83013
Delete Dh before Dh.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 997

A Dh can only be before another Dh when h is before a t th dh affix. In that case, the h turns into Dh by hoDhaH, then the t th into dh by jhaSastatho, then dh into Dh by STunA, and we have Dh before Dh now. Then the first Dh disappears by this rule, and, finally, the vowel before it lengthens by Dhralope if possible. Examples --

guh + kta →hoDhaH guDh + ta →jhaSastatho guDh + dha →STunA guDh + Dha gu + Dha →Dhralope gUDha- "hidden, concealed, kept secret"

So, if you want, you may translate this rule as "h merges with t th dh into Dh, and the previous vowel lengthens". As in --

lih + laT tha lIDha "y'all suck"

lih + laG dhvam alIDhvam "y'all licked"

lih + luT tas → lih + tArau →hardsoft leh + tArau leDhArau "both will lick"

gAh + luG thAs AgADhAs "you went into" ( see jhalojhali for details )

KAZIKA DhakArasya DhakAre lopo bhavati. satyapi padAdhikAre tasya asambhavAdapadAntasya DhakArasya ayaM lopo vijJAyate. lIDham. upAgUDham. STutvasya atra siddhatvam AzrayAd draSTavyam. zvaliD Dhau kate ity atra tu jazve kRte kAryaM na asti iti lopAbhAvaH. na ca Dha-lopo jaztvApavAdo vijJAtuM zakyate, tasya hi lIDhAdiH viSayaH sambhavati. tatra hi zrutikRtamAnantaryam asti. zAstrakRtaM tu yadA nAnantaryaM STutvasya asiddhatvena prAptam, tat tu sUtrakaraNa-sAmarthyAd bAdhyate. zvaliD Dhaukate ityatra tu na zrutikRtamanantaryam, na zAstra-kRtam iti aviSayo 'yaM Dha-lopasya.

The observant student will have noticed that 84041 STunA worked before this rule, which is at 83013, so we breached the cantgoback priniple. We know that we have to breach it because, otherwise, this rule could never work.

ro ri ONPANINI 83014
Delete r before r.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 998

Example:

gaus + ramate →sasaju gaur + ramate gau ramate "the cow's having fun"

kukkuTIs + rakSati kukkuTI rakSati "protects the hens"

If the r is after a i u, Dhralope lengthens them --

punar + ramate puna ramate →Dhralope punA ramate "has fun again"

kapir + ramate kapi ramate →Dhralope kapI ramate "monkey has fun"

KAZIKA rephasya rephe parato lopo bhavati. nIraktam. dUraktam. agnI rathaH. indU rathaH. punA raktaM vAsaH. prAtA rAjakrayaH. padasya ityatra vizeSaNe SaSThI, tena apadAntasya api rephasya lopo bhavati, jargRdheH ajarghAH, pAspardheH apAspAH iti.

This rule won't work when 61114 hazica can work --

azvo ramate "horse has fun"

khar;avasAnayor visarjanIyaH ONPANINI 83015
( wordfinal r to) H before khar and pause.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 999 sandhi

This rule replaces all r with H. It replaces both the true r (of words like punar gIr pitar), and the r(u) made by sasaju.

Examples before kh --

punar + khadati punaH + khadati → punaH khadati "eats again"

hayas + khadati →sasaju haya + ru + khadati hayaH khadati "horse eats"

hayas + khadati →sasaju haya + ru + khadati hayaH khadati →kupvoKkaFpauca hayaK khadati "horse eats"

Example before pause --

khadati + hayas + @pause →sasaju khadati + haya + ru khadati hayaH "horse eats"

Example before chav --

hayas + tarati →sasaju haya + ru + tarati hayaH tarati →visarjanIyasyasaH hayastarati "horse crosses"

Example before zar --

rAmas + sIdati →sasaju rAma + ru + sIdati rAmaH sIdati →vAzari rAmasH sIdati "rAma is sitting"

In the last example, even though the H sound has been replaced with an s sound, rAmasHsIdati is still written rAmaHsIdati. See spelling of zz SS ss .

roH supi ONPANINI 83016
True r stays before sup'.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1000

Exception to kharava. kharava ordinarily changes all wordfinal r, both ru and true r. Yet, before sup', kharava will change ru, but true r will stay.

Example. kharava will not work on gir + sup', because the r of gir is a true r, not a ru --

gir- + sup' →svAdiSva gir ( word ) + su →rvoru gIr + su gIrsu →kric gIrSu "in speeches"

After the ru from manas- barhis- etc, kharava will work as usual.

bho;bhago;agho;apUrvasya yo 'zi ONPANINI 83017
ru from As as bhos bhagos aghos to y before az.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 1001

This rule has several effects --

(1) wordfinal as almost always loses s before all vowels except a --

arjunas + uvAca →sasaju arjuna + ru + uvAca arjunay uvAca →lopazzA arjuna:: uvAca "arjuna said"

(2) bhos bhagos aghos and wordfinal As almost always lose s before all vowels including a --

azvAs + IkSante →sasaju azvA + ru + IkSate azvAy IkSante →lopazzA azvA:: IkSante "the horses see"

(3) bhos bhagos aghos and wordfinal As lose s before haz --

azvAs + dravanti →sasaju azvA + ru + dravanti azvAy dravanti →halisarveSAm azvA dravanti "horses run"

This rule is very annoying for beginners, because whenever we hear a wordfinal A in saMhitA before a haz (a very common situation), there is no way of telling if the word truly ended in A, or it ended in As and lost s by this rule. For instance, this bhavatI- + Gas = bhavatyAs is a word that ends in As and loses s by this rule --

bhavatyAs + nAma kim bhavatyA nAma kim "what's your name?"

and this bhavatI- + TA = bhavatyA is a word that truly ends in A --

bhavatyA + dRSTaGM kim → bhavatyA dRSTaGM kim "what did you see?"

KAZIKA bhor bhagor aghor ity evaM pUrvasya a-varNa-pUrvasya ca roH rephasya yakAr'-Adezo bhavati azi parataH. bho atra. bhago atra. agho atra. abho dadAti. bhago dadAti. agho dadAti. apUrvasya ka Aste, kayAste. brAhmaNA dadati. puruSA dadati. bhobhagoaghoapUrvasya iti kim? agniratra. vAyuratra. az-grahaNaM kim? vRkSaH. plakSaH. na etad asti, saMhitAyAm ity anuvartate. tarhi az-grahaNam uttar%Artham. hali sarveSAm ityayaM lopaH azi hali yathA syAt, iha mA bhUt, vRkSaM vRzcati iti vRkSa-vRT, tam AcaSTe yaH sa vRkSavayati, vRkSavayater apratyayaH vRkSav karoti. atha tatra eva azgrahaNaM kasmAn@ na kRtam? uttar%Artham, mo 'nusvAraH iti hal-mAtre yathA syAt. vyor laghu prayatnataraH zAkaTAyanasya), lopaH zAkalyasya ity etac ca vRkSav karoti ity atra mA bhUd ity az-grahaNam. ror ity eva, prAtaratra. punaratra.

This rule won't work if atoro can work --

azvas + adravat →atoro azvo 'dravat "horse ran"

The y won't disappear if it is before a vowel and we make the optional rule vyorlaghu work --

azvAs + IkSante → azvayIkSante (with a lighter-effort y)

but you won't ever find that in print; that is always spelled as azvA IkSante, with a hiatus.

Some people (like me) think that rule lopazzA is optional and therefore saying arjunayuvAca and azvayIkSante with an ordinary y is kosher. Be they kosher or not, you will hear those two, but you will never see them in print.

v;yor laghu-prayatna-taraH zAkaTAyanasya ONPANINI 83018
wordfinal v y to lighter-effort v y optionally.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1002

When saying a normal y, the tongue raises, when saying v the lips approach each other. This movement takes some effort.

In a lighter-effort y v, the tongue raises, the lips approach too, but not so much.

This rule says that when wordfinal y v is before a vowel, we may pronounce it either as a normal y or as a lighter-effort y.

Together with the option "replace y with nothing" allowed by lopazzA, we can say te + Ucus "they said" in three ways --

(A) tayUcuH, with normal y, just by ecoya.

(B) ta(y)UcuH, with lighter-effort y, by ecoya and vyorlaghu .

(C) ta::UcuH, with hiatus, by ecoya and lopazzA.

In writing you will find (C) only, but both (A) and (C) are heard often.

Some people say that the word zAkaTAyanasya is used pUjArtham here, and that therefore pronouncing like (A) sux. To get in the safe side of those people, please use only (C) in writing. But pronounce as you like, anyway; no one will complain.

The rule also works on the y made from ru by bhobhago. So --

arjunayuvAca with bhobhago only

arjuna(y)uvAca with bhobhago and this rule

arjuna::uvAca with bhobhago and lopazzA

Only the third option is found in print, but the others are heard sometimes.

KAZIKA vakArayakArayoH bhobhagoaghoavarNapUrvayoH padAntayo laghuprayatnatara Adezo bhavati azi parataH zAkaTAyanasya Acaryasya matena. bhoyatra, bho atra. bhagoyatra, bhago atra. aghoyatra, abho atra. kayAste, ka Aste. asmAyuddhara, asmA uddhara. asavAdityaH, asA AdityaH. dvAvatra, dvA atra. dvavAnaya, dvA Anaya. laghuprayatnatara-tvam uccAraNe sthAna-karaNa-zaithilyam. sthAnaM tAlvAdi. karaNaM jihvAmUlAdi. tayor uccAraNe zaithilyaM manda-prayatnatA.

lopaH zAkalyasya ONPANINI 83019
( wordfinal y v to) lopa optionally (before vowel).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1003

In other words, the wordfinal y v that is in saMhitA and between two vowels disappears, so that the two vowels turn into a hiatus, with no pause in between. Example --

arjunas + uvAca →sasaju arjuna + ru + uvAca →bhobhago arjunay uvAca arjuna:: uvAca "arjuna said"

KAZIKA vakArayakArayoH padAntayoH avarNapUrvayoH lopo bhavati zAkalyasya AcAryasya matena azi parataH. ka Aste kayAste. kAka Aste, kAkayAste. asmA uddhara, asmAyuddhara. dvA atra, dvAvatra. asA AdityaH, asAvAdityaH. zAkalyagrahaNaM vibhASArtham. tena yadA 'pi laghu prayatnataro na bhavati AdezaH, tadApi vyoH pakSe zravaNaM bhavati.

The kAzikA says that this rule is optional, so we can say also --

arjunas + uvAca →sasaju arjuna + ru + uvAca →bhobhago arjunayuvAca "arjuna said"

Yet, some people say that the mention of the grammarian zAkalya is pUjArtham and therefore the rule is compulsory.

No matter who is right in this debate, remember that you will hear people chanting arjunayuvAca, but you will never see that in print. It is always spelled arjuna uvAca.

hali sarveSAm ONPANINI 83022
Before hal ( wordfinal y to lopa).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1004

About ninety-nine percent of the time, the effect of this rule is deleting the s of an As-ender before a haz letter. Example --

siMhAs + nRtyanti →sasaju siMhA + ru + nRtyanti →bhobhago siMhAy + nRtyanti siMhA nRtyanti "lions dance"

This rule also deletes the s of the bhos bhagos aghos etc mentioned in rule bhobhago --

bhos + bhos + tapasvinaH bho bhos tapasvinaH "hey hey ascetics"

In detail --

bhos + bhos →sasaju bho + ru + bhos →bhobhago bhoybhos bhobhos

KAZIKA hali parataH bhobhagoaghoapUrvasya yakArasya padAntasya lopo bhavati sarveSAm AcAryANAM matena. bho hasati. bhago hasati. agho hasati. bho yAti. bhago yAti. agho yAti. vRkSA hasanti. sarveSAM grahaNaM zAkaTAyanasya api lopo yathA syAt, laghuprayatnataro mA bhUtiti.

mo 'nusvAraH ONPANINI 83023
wordfinal m to M before consonant.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1005

Before vowel and pause, this rule does not work, so m stays m --

kapim apazyam "I saw monkey"

Before yaN and zal, this rule replaces m with M, and no other rules work --

ayam + siMham + hanti ayaM siMhaM hanti "he kills lion"

Before the other consonants (the Jay), first this rule replaces m with M, and then rule anusvA replaces that M with something else --

gItAm + gAyati gItAM + gAyati →anusvA gItAGMgAyati "sings the song"

senAm + nayati senAM + nayati →anusvA senAnMnayati "leads the army"

naz c/A-pad%Antasya jhali ONPANINI 83024
Non- wordfinal m n to M before serious.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 1006

Example with m --

zAm + kta zaMta →anusvA zAnta- "calm"

Examples with n --

bhunkte bhuMkte →anusvA bhuGkte "eats"

mahat- + am →ugidacA mahantam →sAntama mahAntam mahaMtam →anusvA mahAntam "big"

If the serious is a zal, there is no anusvA --

manas + zi →napuMsakasyajhalacaH manAnsi manAMsi "minds"

An important side effect of this rule is that there is no Natvam before serious .

mo rAji samaH kvau ONPANINI 83025
Replace sam with m before rAj plus kvip.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1007

Exception to monus. Only example --

sam + rAj + kvip samrAj- "emperor, king of the whole world"

When the j is wordfinal, it turns into D by vrazca --

samrAj- + su →vrazca samrAD →beforepause saMrAT "emperor"

KAZIKA samo makArasya makAraH Adezo bhavati rAjatau kvippratyayAnte parataH. samrAT. sAmrAjyam. makArasya makAravacanam anusvAranivRttyartham. rAji iti kim? saMyat. samaH iti kim? kiMrAT. kvau iti kim? saMrAjitA. saMrAjitum. saMrAjitavyam.

See replacing a thing with itself looks pointless .

G;NoH kuk;Tuk zari ONPANINI 83028
G N to Gk NT before zar, optionally.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1008

Examples --

luG + laG + lRG + sup' luGlaGlRG + k + su →kric luGlaGlRGkSu

dadyaG + sIdati dadhyaGk sIdati "the sage dadhIci is sitting"

More examples in the kAzikA.

KAZIKA GakAraNakArayoH padAntayoH kuk TukityetAvAgamau vA bhavataH zari parataH. prAGk zete, prAG zete. prAGk SaSThaH, prAG SaSThaH. prAGk sAye, prAG sAye. NakArasya vaNT zete, vaN zete. pUrvantakaraNaM prAGk chete ityatra chantvartham. zaz cho 'Ti 84063 iti hi padantAj jhayaH iti tad vijJAyate. iha mA bhUt, purA krUrasya visRpo virapzin. prAGk sAyaH ityatra api sAt padAdyoH 83111 iti Satva-pratiSedh%ArthaM ca. vaNT sAyaH ityatra ca na padAntAT Tor anAm 84042 STu-tva-pratiSedh%Artham.

naz ca ONPANINI 83030
(s gets dhuT optionally) after ( wordfinal) n toommmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1010

This is the same thing as saying --

"optionally s to ts after wordfinal n"

Example --

bhavAn + sIdati bhavAn + dhsIdati →kharica bhavAn tsIdati "you are sitting"

In the alternative --

bhavAn sIdati "you are sitting"

KAZIKA nakArAntAt padAtuttarasya sakArasya vA dhuDAgamo bhavati. bhavAntsAye, bhavAn sAye. mahAntsAye, mahAn sAye. dhuTaH cartvasya ca asiddhatvAt naz chavy aprazAn iti rutvaM na bhavati.

If the n is not wordfinal, nazcApa will work.

If you do not find bhavAntsIdati easier to say that bhavAnsIdati, using this rule is pointless.

zi tuk ONPANINI 83031
n plus z makes Jz, Jch, or Jcch.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1011

Example --

tAn + zarAn tAJcharAn "those arrows"

tAn + zarAn tAJzarAn "those arrows"

tAn + zarAn tAJccharAn "those arrows"

See also rule zazchoTi, that manages t + z.

KAZIKA nakArasya padantasya zakAre parato vA tugAgamo bhavati. bhavAJcchete. pUrvAntakaraNaM chatvArtham. yady evaM kurvajcchete ity atra nakArasya apadAntatvAt NatvaM prApnoti? tatra samadhimAhuH, stoH zcunA zcuH ity atra yogavibhAgaH kriyate, Natva-pratiSedh%ArthaM stoH zcunA NakAro na bhavati iti, tataH zcuH iti.

Usually, when sandhi rules allow exceptions, only one of them is found in writing. In this case, however, all of Jch Jz Jcch appear in writing.

Personally I always spell tAJcharAn and say tAJccharAn. But you don't have to do as I do.

Gamo hrasvAd aci GamuN@ nityam ONPANINI 83032
( wordfinal) Gam doubles after short before vowel.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1012

The Gam letters are Ga Na nam -- G, N and n.

Examples with n are common --

prahasan + iva prahasann iva "smiling"

kurvan + api kurvann api "even when doing"

Examples with G are rare, because very few words end in G --

dadhyaG + AtharvaNaH dadhyaGG AtharvaNaH "dadhyaG, son of atharvan"

The G here comes from rule kvinpra, like in prAG.

KAZIKA hrasvAt paraH yo Gam tadantAt padAtuttarasya acaH GamuDAgamo bhavati nityam. GaNanebhyo yathAsaGkhyaM GaNanA bhavanti. GakArAntAt GuT pratyaGGAste. NakArAntAt NuT vaNNAste. vaNNavocat. nakArAntAt nuT kurvannAste. kurvannavocat. kRSannAste. kRSannavocat. GamaH iti kim? tvamAsse. hrasvAtiti kim? prAGAste. bhavAnAste. aci iti kim? pratyaG karoti. iha paramadaNDinau, paramadaNdinA iti uttarapadatve cApadAdividhau iti pratyayalakSaNapratiSedhAduttarapadasya padatvaM na asti iti GamuT na bhavati. atha vA, uJi ca pade 8-3-21 ity ataH saptamyantaM pade ityanuvarvate. tena ajAdau pade GamuT bhavati.

Examples with N are never found in the wild, as no word ends in N unless it has been invented by grammarians. One such word is yaN, meaning the four letters ya va raT laN. So when yaN is before a vowel, we would have, according to this rule --

yaN + aci yaNNaci " a yaN letter before a vowel"

However, we don't hear that doubling in the recitation of rule ikoyaNaci. From that lack of doubling we can deduce that the doubling of N by this rule is optional, while the doubling of n and G is compulsory.