U-kAlo 'j jhrasva;dIrgha;plutaH ONPANINI 12027
What has the duration of u U U3 is short long extralong.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 78

(The "U3" here means the extralong U sound. extralong vowels are so uncommon in writing that they don't have letters of their own; in the veda manuscripts they are written with the letter for the nearest long, followed by a figure 3.)

Example. In the word gurU "two teachers" the two vowels are said in exactly the same way EXCEPT that the second one lasts longer. The u is said to be a short and the U is said to be a long.

And, of course, an extralong is a vowel longer than a long .

Even though pANini just says that short, long and extralong have different durations, later grammarians came up with the idea that shorts last for a certain time, longs twice that, and extralongs thrice that. It is a good idea to try to follow that rule when chanting verse or the veda. See mAtrA.

See exception acazca below.

KAZIKA U iti trayANAm ayaM mAtrika-dvimAtrika-trimAtrikANAM prazliSTa-nirdezaH. hrasva-dIrgha-plutaH iti dvandvaikavad bhAve puMlliGga-nirdezaH. u U U3 ity evaM kAlo aj yathA-kramaM hrasva-dIrgha-plutaH ity evaM saMjJo bhavati. ukAlo hrasvaH dadhi. madhu. UkAlo dIrghaH kumArI. gaurI. U3kAlaH plutaH devadatta3 atra nvasi. kAla-grahaNaM parimANArtham. dIrgha-plutayoH hrasva-saMjJA mA bhUt. AlUya, pralUya, hrasvasya piti kRti tuk 6-1-71 iti tuG na bhavati. ajgrahaNaM saMyogAcsamudAyanivRttyartham. pratakSya, prarakSya, hrasvAzrayas tuG mA bhUt. titaucchAtram, dIrghAt 6-1-75, padAntAd vA 6-1-76 iti vibhASA tuG mA bhUt. hrasvadIrghaplutapradezAH hrasvo napuMsake prAtipadikasya 1-2-47. akRtsArvadhAtukayor dIrghaH 7-4-25. vAkyasya TeH pluta udAttaH 82082.

acaz ca ONPANINI 12028
But only if it's a vowel.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 79

In the rules, the terms " short", " long" and " extralong" mean vowels only.

Example. If any rule says "replace with a short", that rule will replace a long vowel with a short vowel, or will replace a long vowel with itself, but it will never replace a consonant.

KAZIKA U iti trayANAm ayaM mAtrika-dvimAtrika-trimAtrikANAM prazliSTa-nirdezaH. hrasva-dIrgha-plutaH iti dvandvaikavad bhAve puMlliGga-nirdezaH. u U U3 ityevaM kAlo aj yathAkramaM hrasva-dIrgha-plutaH ityevaM saMjJo bhavati. ukAlo hrasvaH dadhi. madhu. UkAlo dIrghaH kumArI. gaurI. U3kAlaH plutaH devadatta3 atra nvasi. kAlagrahaNaM parimANArtham. dIrghaplutayoH hrasvasaMjJA mA bhUt. AlUya, pralUya, hrasvasya piti kRti tuk iti tuG na bhavati. ajgrahaNaM saMyogAcsamudAyanivRttyartham. pratakSya, prarakSya, hrasvAzrayas tuG mA bhUt. tita::ucchAtram, dIrghAt, padAntAd vA iti vibhASA tuG mA bhUt. hrasva-dIrgha-pluta-pradezAH hrasvo napuMsake prAtipadikasya. a-kRt-sArvadhAtukayor dIrghaH. vAkyasya TeH pluta udAttaH 82082.

uccair udAttaH ONPANINI 12029
acute means high tone.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 80 accent

The vowel that has the acute accent is pronounced with a pitch higher than the others.

Back to accent.

How much higher?

About a musical fifth higher.

May I listen to an example?

Sure. In this verse, the vowels between parens have the acute --

gaN(A)nAM tvA gaN(a)patiM havAmahe kav(i)M kavIn(A)m upam(a)zravastamam

listen to it here --

LISTENTO shri rudram

nIcair anudAttaH ONPANINI 12030
grave means low tonemmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 81

A grave vowel is pronounced with the average, normal tone. Everything is grave except the acute and the falling.

Back to accent.

samAhAraH svaritaH ONPANINI 12031
falling is mixedmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 82

A vowel has a falling (svarita) accent when its tone is mixed of the previous two -- it starts acute and ends up grave.

When a vowel has to be acute according to the rules, ands the next one has to be grave, the grave is automatically replaced with a svarita. So, most of the falling vowels you can hear come right after an acute vowel.

The exception to that is the so-called "independent svarita". In some cases we can hear a svarita right after a grave vowel. This happens, for instance, when an acute (vi) is followed by a grave a, and then they merge into vya. In such a case the resulting ya sound starts high and ends up low.

Can you show any recording?

The dhAnya word in this recording has a grave A and a falling nya --

yAtudhAnyaH

also here --

rudra

the word vyupta has a falling accent on the vyu, even though the ca of kapar(di)neca is grave.

Back to accent.

tatpuruSaH samAnAdhikaraNaH karmadhArayaH ONPANINI 12042
A tatpuruSa is a karmadhAraya if its two halves have the same referent as the whole.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 83

A tatpuruSa is a compound that means the same thing as its latter.

For instance, a firefighter is a fighter, so the compound "firefighter" is a tatpuruSa.

And a blackbird is a bird, so the compound "blackbird" is a tatpuruSa.

If the first half of the tatpuruSa also means the same thing as the whole and as the second half, then it is a karmadhAraya, in addition to being a tatpuruSa.

A firefighter is a fighter, but he is not fire, so the compound "firefighter" is a tatpuruSa, but not a karmadhAraya.

And a blackbird is a black thing, so the compound "blackbird" is a karmadhAraya, and a tatpuruSa as well.

arthavad a-dhAtur a-pratyayaH prAtipadikam ONPANINI 12045
nounbase is what has meaning, is not a root, and has no affix.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 84

The short story --

Some sounds, like guru-, azva-, zveta-, kRSNa-, kapi- are called nounbases, while others, like gurus, azvAsu, kRSNas, kapinA are not.

The long story --

azva- is a nounbase, because it means "horse", has no root, and has no affix.

So is zveta-, as it means "white", has no root, and has no affix.

zvet is not a nounbase because it doesn't mean anything

azvas "horse" is not a nounbase because it has an affix ( su). It is also a word.

The word zvetA "white", as in zuklA nadI "the river is white", is not a nounbase, because it has Ap and su.

kSip means "throwing" and has no affix, but it is not a nounbase because it is a root

Notice that some things (such as saurya-, gomat-, grAmaNI-) should not be nounbases according to this rule, but are nounbases anyway because the next rule says so.

According to rule GyApprA, a nounbase must always get one of the twenty-one svaujas affixes added after it. Some feminine nounbases will get first GI or Ap, and then one of the svaujas.

When I write on the blackboard of my class, I have the habit of adding a hyphen after nounbases that have not gotten any affix after them yet. Doing this helps my students of the lower grades, because they can tell from my writing that manas- is a nounbase that ends in s, while azvas is NOT a nounbase. It also helps me, because I do not have to explain to them that manas is NOT azva- + s. Of course you do not have to write the hyphen if you don't want to.

KAZIKA abhidheya-vacano 'rtha-zabdaH. arthavac-chabda-rUpaM prAtipadika-saMjJaM bhavati dhAtu-pratyayau varjayitvA. DitthaH. kapitthaH. kuNDam. pITham. arthavad iti kim? vanam, dhanam iti na antasya avadher mA bhUt. nalopo hi syAt. adhAtuH iti kim? hanter laG. ahan. alopaH syat. apratyayaH iti kim? kANDe. kuDye. hrasvo napuMsake prAtipadikasya 12047 iti hrasvaH syAt. anarthakasya api nipAtasya prAtipadika-saMjJA iSyate. adhyAgacchati. pralambate. prAtipadikapradezAH hrasvo napuMsake prAtipadikasya 12047 ity evam AdyaH.

go;striyor upasarjanasya ONPANINI 12048
Shorten go- and GI- Ap-enders when they are latter and subordinate.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 87

Examples --

citra- + go- citragu- "Mr Spotty Cows"

/nis + kauzambI- niSkauzambi- "that left kauzambI"

ati + khaTvA- atikhaTva- "that no longer needs a bed"

The su added after these GI Ap will not be deleted by halGyA --

atikhaTva + su → atikhaTvas "he no longer needs a bed, he's an ascetic"

In pAcikApatnIkas the patnI is latter and subordinate, so why is there no shortening?

This rule works only on GI- Ap-enders, and after adding kap, the latter and subordinate thing is patnIka-, a kap-ender.

What didn't this rule work on atilakSmIs and atizrIs?

Again, this rule works only on GI- Ap-enders. Those lakSmI- and zrI do not have GI affix, the I is part of the nounbase.

lupi yuktavad vyakti;vacane ONPANINI 12051
When there is lup, gender number are like originalmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 88

Making a long story short, this rule allows sentences like "I'm going to the Aussies" to mean "I'm going to the country where the Aussies live" and still be grammatical.

An example. The kurus are a people, descendants of a certain kuru. The country where the kurus live is called "the kurus", used like this --

kurUn gacchAmi "I'm going to the kurus"

This kurUn word here means a certain country so called, it does not mean its inhabitants. When used in this sense, the word is breaking the ordinary rules of grammar. For instance, rule dvyeka says that a noun that means ONE country must be singular, and some other rule says that when we name a country after its inhabitants, we must add some suffix after the inhabitants' name, such as, for instance, aN.

To bring this kurUn word, which is masculine and singular, into the shed with the other country names, grammarians say that it is formed like this: starting at kurUNAM rAjyam "the kingdom of the kurus", we first replace it with kurUNAm + aN, then replace the aN with lup. This makes the nounbase kuru-, which (like the original word kuruNAm) is masculine and takes plural affixes, but means one country anyway. If we had used luk instead of lup to delete the aN, other rules would have made this nounbase into a neuter singular.

.. add the KAZIKA and more examples of masc. pl country names

bhUvAdayo dhAtavaH ONPANINI 13001
roots are bhU etc.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 89

roots are things invented by grammarians that appear in a list called the dhAtupATha. Such as

bhU

gam

kSip

Roots cannot be used alone. Before use, we must add to them either a tense (to make a verb), or a kRt affix (to make a nounbase).

The tense will always be replaced with a tiG, by lasya --

kSip ( a root ) + laT ( a tense ) →lasya kSip + tip → ksip + za + ti → kSipati "throws" ( verb )

The nounbase will always be affected by GyApprA --

kSip + tRc ( another kRt affix ) + su →puganta kSeptR- ( nounbase ) + su →Rduzana kSeptA "thrower" ( noun )

kSip ( root ) + kta ( a kRt affix ) + au → kSipta- ( nounbase ) + au ( a sup affix ) → kSiptau ( noun ) "both were thrown"

In some rules, the word dhAtu " root" means rootnoun. One such rule is atvasa.

kSiptau means "both were thrown". Shouldn't it be a verb, not a noun as you say?

No. Whatever has a sup at the end is a noun. It does not matter what English it translates into.

hal antyam ONPANINI 13003
Final consonant (in grammar list is label).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 90

Examples:

In the zivasUtra list, a i uN R Lk e oG ai auc etc,

the N k G c are labels, because they are added at the end of u, L, etc.

In the list tiptas (tip tas jhi sip thas tha... )

the p of tip sip mip, and the T of iT', are labels. The real affixes are ti si mi, i

the s of tas thas.. are not labels because of the exception navibha.

in the dhAtupATha (list of roots), (bhU edha spardha... pluG... )

the G of pluG is a label, the real root is plu.

and the edh root had an a label added just so that this rule does not make dh into a label

in list svaujas (su au jas am auT zas TA bhyAm bhiS...)

the first T is a label, the real affix is just au

Okay, T of auT is a final consonant so it's a label. Yet, this rule does not explain why the T of TA is a label too.

See cuTU below.

na vibhaktau tu;s;mAH ONPANINI 13004
But the final tu s m of a vibhakti aren't (labels).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 91

Examples:

in the list tiptas (tip tas jhi... ta AtAm jha... ) the s of tas and the m of AtAm are real

in the list svaujas (su au jas... Gas os Am...) the s of jas Gas os are real, and so is the m of Am.

KAZIKA pUrveNa prAptAyamitsaMjJAyAM vibhAktau vartamAnAnAM tavargasakAramakArANAM pratiSedha ucyate. tavargaH, TAGasiGasAm inA'tsyAH 71012 vRkSAt, plakSAt. sakAraH, jas brAhmaNAH. tas pacataH. thas pacathaH. makAraH upacattAm, apacatam. bibhaktau iti kim? aco yat, UrNAyA yus 52123, rudhAdibhyaH znam. kimo 't 53012, iTo 't ityatra pratiSedho na bhavati , anityatvA'dasya pratiSedhasya. idamas thamuH 53024 ityukArAnubandhanirdezAdanityatvam upalakSyate.

Adir Ji;Tu;DavaH ONPANINI 13005
Ji Tu' Du at the start (are labels).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 92

The Ji Tu' Du at the start of a root in the dhAtupATha is a label. Such roots are called JIt, Tvit, Dvit roots. For instance, the root kR "make" is listed in the dhAtupATha as (Du)kR(J), so it's a Dvit root.

See --

Ji for examples of JIt roots

Tu' for examples of Tvit roots

Du for examples of Dvit roots

KAZIKA ititi vartate. AdizabdaH pratekam abhisambadhyate. Ji;Tu;Du ity eteSAM samudayAnAm Adito vartamAnAnAm ity saMjJA bhavati. Ji, JimidA minnaH. JidhRSA dhRSTaH. JikSvidA kSviNNaH. JIndhI iddhaH. Tu, TuvepR vepathuH. Tuozvi zvayathauH. Du, DupacaS paktrimam. Duvap uptrimam. DukRJ kRtrimam. AdiH iti kim? pTUyati. kaNDUyati. upadeSe ity eva JikArIyati.

SaH pratyayasya ONPANINI 13006
The initial S of an affix (is a label).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 93

So the S of Svun is a label. But not the non-initial S of the affix TiSac of mahiSa- "buffalo". And not the initial S of the non-affix SaS- "six".

Whatever has S label is a Sit.

cu;TU ONPANINI 13007
cu Tu of affixes (are labels).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 94

Examples of cu labels --

c of Tac

j of jas

Examples of Tu labels --

T of Tac

N of Nya

la;za;kv ataddhite ONPANINI 13008
l z ku (in affixes are labels), but not in a taddhitammmmmmmmm ^ C+ 95

Examples: G of Gas, k of kta, z of zas, z of zap, l of lyap are labels.

However, the k of kan kAmyac, and the z of zas', are real, because these are taddhita affixes.

KAZIKA taddhita-varjitasya pratyayasy' Adito vartamAnA lakAra-zakAra-kavargA it-saMjJA bhavanti. lakaraH, lyuT ca cayanam, jayanam. zakAraH, kartari zap bhavati, pacati. kavargaH, ktaktavatU niSThA bhuktaH, bhuktavat. priyavazo vadaH khac 32038 priyaMvadaH, vazaMvadaH. glAjisthazca ksnuH 32139 glAsnuH, jiSNuH, bhUSNuH. bhaJjabhAsamido ghurac 32161 bhuaGguram. TAGasiGasAm inAtsyAH vRkSAt, vRkzasya. ataddhite iti kim? cUDhAlaH. lomazaH. karNikA.

tasya lopaH ONPANINI 13009
Labels are invisible.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 96

talkaround. The label letters (a.k.a. it letters), namely, those described in the previous rules, must often be ignored.

In particular --

(1) A label never makes it into an actual word.

So, when we join nRtI~ and zyan and tip, to make a word that means "is dancing", we don't get nRtI~zyantip. The letters I~, z, n and p are just labels, so the actual word is nRtyati --

devI nRtyati jyotsnAyAm "the queen is dancing in the moonlight"

(2) In any rule, "first letter of" means "first non- label letter of".

Example. When we join pac + kta, rule pacovaH says: "replace the first letter of (k)ta with v". This "first letter of kta" means "the first non-label letter', namely the t. So kta turns into kva, not vta --

pakvA nRpeNa kukkuTI "the king cooked a hen"

(3) When counting letters, labels aren't counted.

Rule halGyA says "delete sip if it has one letter". si(p) ordinarily has two REAL letters, the s and the i; the p is a label and doesn't count. After itazca works, si(p) turns into s(p), which has ONE real letter. And then halGyA can work.

KAZIKA tasya it-saMjJakasya lopo bhavati. tathA caiva udAhRtam. tasya grahaNaM sarva-lopArtham, alo 'ntyasya mA bhUt Adir JiTuDava iti.

So far, it looks like label letters are always ignored. Are they useless?

No. See types of labels .

How can I find out which letters are labels?

The rules above this one (namely hal antyam, na vibhaktau tusmAH, Adir Ji;Tu;DavaH, SaH pratyayasya, cuTU, and la;za;kv ataddhite) allow you to find out which consonants are labels. For instance, the two p of zap and tip are labels because halantyam says so, and the z of zap is a label because lazakva says so.

How can I find out which VOWELS are labels?

Sorry, you cannot. I'll have to tell you every time. See parens show labels .

In rule halGyA, si means sip, but in rule sipidhA, sip means sip. Why isn't sip always called sip?

To save space , pANini won't put a label in a rule when he thinks that you can figure out that it is there. For instance, the affix za always has G label, so it might have been called "affix za(G)". But actually it is called just za in all rules that mention it. There is no need to call it zaG, because rule hard apit is Git tells us that za always has G. In other cases an affix will show its labels in some rules but not in others. For instance, in rules halGyA and serhya, the affix si(p) is called si, but in rule tiptasjhisipthastha, it is called sip.

yathA-saGkhyam anudezaH samAnAm ONPANINI 13010
When a rule has two lists of the same length, understand " respectively".mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 97

Exception to sthAnentaratamaH.

Examples:

TAGasi rule replaces TA Gasi Gas with ina At sya' respectively.

ecoya rule replaces e oG ai auc with ay av Ay Av respectively.

tas;thas;tha;mipAM tAM;taM;t%AmaH replaces tas thas tha mip with tAm tam ta am respectively.