12027 What has the duration of
12028 But only if it's a vowel.
12029 Acute means high tone.
12030 Grave means low tone
12031 Falling is mixed
12042 A
12045 Nounbase is what has meaning, is not a root, and has no affix.
12046
12047 Shorten neuter nounbase
12048 Shorten
12051 When there is
13001 roots are
13003 Final consonant .
13004 But the final
13005
13006 The initial
13007
13008
13009 Labels are invisible.
13010 When a rule has two lists of the same length, understand "respectively".
(The "
Example. In the word
And, of course, an extralong is a vowel longer than a long .
Even though
See exception acazca below.
KAZIKA U iti trayANAm ayaM mAtrika-dvimAtrika-trimAtrikANAM prazliSTa-nirdezaH. hrasva-dIrgha-plutaH iti dvandvaikavad bhAve puMlliGga-nirdezaH. u U U3 ity evaM kAlo aj yathA-kramaM hrasva-dIrgha-plutaH ity evaM saMjJo bhavati. ukAlo hrasvaH dadhi. madhu. UkAlo dIrghaH kumArI. gaurI. U3kAlaH plutaH devadatta3 atra nvasi. kAla-grahaNaM parimANArtham. dIrgha-plutayoH hrasva-saMjJA mA bhUt. AlUya, pralUya, hrasvasya piti kRti tuk 6-1-71 iti tuG na bhavati. ajgrahaNaM saMyogAcsamudAyanivRttyartham. pratakSya, prarakSya, hrasvAzrayas tuG mA bhUt. titaucchAtram, dIrghAt 6-1-75, padAntAd vA 6-1-76 iti vibhASA tuG mA bhUt. hrasvadIrghaplutapradezAH hrasvo napuMsake prAtipadikasya 1-2-47. akRtsArvadhAtukayor dIrghaH 7-4-25. vAkyasya TeH pluta udAttaH
In the rules, the terms " short", " long" and " extralong" mean vowels only.
Example. If any rule says "replace with a short", that rule will replace a long vowel with a short vowel, or will replace a long vowel with itself, but it will never replace a consonant.
KAZIKA U iti trayANAm ayaM mAtrika-dvimAtrika-trimAtrikANAM prazliSTa-nirdezaH. hrasva-dIrgha-plutaH iti dvandvaikavad bhAve puMlliGga-nirdezaH. u U U3 ityevaM kAlo aj yathAkramaM hrasva-dIrgha-plutaH ityevaM saMjJo bhavati. ukAlo hrasvaH dadhi. madhu. UkAlo dIrghaH kumArI. gaurI. U3kAlaH plutaH devadatta3 atra nvasi. kAlagrahaNaM parimANArtham. dIrghaplutayoH hrasvasaMjJA mA bhUt. AlUya, pralUya, hrasvasya piti kRti tuk iti tuG na bhavati. ajgrahaNaM saMyogAcsamudAyanivRttyartham. pratakSya, prarakSya, hrasvAzrayas tuG mA bhUt. tita::ucchAtram, dIrghAt, padAntAd vA iti vibhASA tuG mA bhUt. hrasva-dIrgha-pluta-pradezAH hrasvo napuMsake prAtipadikasya. a-kRt-sArvadhAtukayor dIrghaH. vAkyasya TeH pluta udAttaH 82082.
The vowel that has the acute accent is pronounced with a pitch higher than the others.
Back to accent.
How much higher?
About a musical fifth higher.
May I listen to an example?
Sure. In this verse, the vowels between parens have the acute --
gaN(A)nAM tvA gaN(a)patiM havAmahe kav(i)M kavIn(A)m upam(a)zravastamam
listen to it here --
A grave vowel is pronounced with the average, normal tone. Everything is grave except the acute and the falling.
Back to accent.
A vowel has a falling (
When a vowel has to be acute according to the rules, ands the next one has to be grave, the grave is automatically replaced with a
The exception to that is the so-called "independent
Can you show any recording?
The
also here --
the word
Back to accent.
A tatpuruSa is a compound that means the same thing as its latter.
For instance, a firefighter is a fighter, so the compound "firefighter" is a tatpuruSa.
And a blackbird is a bird, so the compound "blackbird" is a tatpuruSa.
If the first half of the tatpuruSa also means the same thing as the whole and as the second half, then it is a karmadhAraya, in addition to being a tatpuruSa.
A firefighter is a fighter, but he is not fire, so the compound "firefighter" is a tatpuruSa, but not a karmadhAraya.
And a blackbird is a black thing, so the compound "blackbird" is a karmadhAraya, and a tatpuruSa as well.
The short story --
Some sounds, like
The long story --
So is
The word
Notice that some things (such as
According to rule GyApprA, a nounbase must always get one of the twenty-one svaujas affixes added after it. Some feminine nounbases will get first GI or Ap, and then one of the svaujas.
When I write on the blackboard of my class, I have the habit of adding a hyphen after nounbases that have not gotten any affix after them yet. Doing this helps my students of the lower grades, because they can tell from my writing that
KAZIKA abhidheya-vacano 'rtha-zabdaH. arthavac-chabda-rUpaM prAtipadika-saMjJaM bhavati dhAtu-pratyayau varjayitvA. DitthaH. kapitthaH. kuNDam. pITham. arthavad iti kim? vanam, dhanam iti na antasya avadher mA bhUt. nalopo hi syAt. adhAtuH iti kim? hanter laG. ahan. alopaH syat. apratyayaH iti kim? kANDe. kuDye. hrasvo napuMsake prAtipadikasya 12047 iti hrasvaH syAt. anarthakasya api nipAtasya prAtipadika-saMjJA iSyate. adhyAgacchati. pralambate. prAtipadikapradezAH hrasvo napuMsake prAtipadikasya 12047 ity evam AdyaH.
... needs reread
Rule arthavada above says that some words are nounbases. This rule clarifies that --
(1) kRt-enders are nounbases
Example.
(2) taddhita-enders are nounbases
Example.
(3) compounds are nounbases
This "compounds are nounbases" thing in fact means --
"when we remove the sup and feminine affix at the end of a compound, what is left is a nounbase".
Examples.
Joining
Removing the sup at the end of
Joining
Removing the sup at the end of
KAZIKA kRtas taddhitAH samAsAzca prAtipadikasaMjJA bhavanti. apratyayaH iti pUrvatra paryudAsat kRdantasya taddhitAntasya ca anena prAtipadikasaMjJA vidhIyate. arthavatsamudayAnAM samAsagrahaNaM niyamArtham. kRt kArakaH. hArakaH. kartA. harta. taddhitaH aupagavaH. kApaTavaH. samAsaH rAjapuruSaH. brAhmaNakambalaH. samAsagrahaNasya niyamArthatvAd vAkyasya arthavataH saMjJA na bhavati.
When a nounbase is neuter and ends in a long, shorten the long.
Actually, very few nounbases end in a long. Some such are --
rai- "(item of) wealth"
nau- "ship"
These three are not neuter, but the compound adjectives --
will be neuter when they describe a neuter noun such as
So this rule says that we must replace the long finals of those adjectives with a short. This will turn
KAZIKA napuMsakaliGge 'rthe yat prAtipadikaM vartate tasya hrasvo bhavati AdezaH alo 'ntyasya acaH. atiri kulam. atinu kulam. napuMsake iti kim? grAmaNIH. senAnIH. prAtipadikasya iti kim? kANDe tiSThataH. kuDye tiSThataH. prAtipadikagrahaNasAmarthyatekA'dezaH pUrvasya antavanna bhavati.
Examples --
ati +
The su added after these GI Ap will not be deleted by halGyA --
In
This rule works only on GI- Ap-enders, and after adding kap, the latter and subordinate thing is
What didn't this rule work on
Again, this rule works only on GI- Ap-enders. Those
Making a long story short, this rule allows sentences like "I'm going to the Aussies" to mean "I'm going to the country where the Aussies live" and still be grammatical.
An example. The
This
To bring this
.. add the KAZIKA and more examples of masc. pl country names
roots are things invented by grammarians that appear in a list called the dhAtupATha. Such as
Roots cannot be used alone. Before use, we must add to them either a tense (to make a verb), or a kRt affix (to make a nounbase).
The tense will always be replaced with a tiG, by lasya --
The nounbase will always be affected by GyApprA --
In some rules, the word
No. Whatever has a sup at the end is a noun. It does not matter what English it translates into.
Examples:
In the zivasUtra list,
the
In the list tiptas (tip tas jhi sip thas tha... )
the
the
in the dhAtupATha (list of roots), (bhU edha spardha... pluG... )
the
and the
in list svaujas (su au jas am auT zas TA bhyAm bhiS...)
the first
Okay,
See cuTU below.
The Ji Tu'
See --
Ji for examples of
Tu' for examples of
Du for examples of
KAZIKA ititi vartate. AdizabdaH pratekam abhisambadhyate. Ji;Tu;Du ity eteSAM samudayAnAm Adito vartamAnAnAm ity saMjJA bhavati. Ji, JimidA minnaH. JidhRSA dhRSTaH. JikSvidA kSviNNaH. JIndhI iddhaH. Tu, TuvepR vepathuH. Tuozvi zvayathauH. Du, DupacaS paktrimam. Duvap uptrimam. DukRJ kRtrimam. AdiH iti kim? pTUyati. kaNDUyati. upadeSe ity eva JikArIyati.
So the
Whatever has
Examples of cu labels --
Examples of Tu labels --
Examples:
However, the
KAZIKA taddhita-varjitasya pratyayasy' Adito vartamAnA lakAra-zakAra-kavargA it-saMjJA bhavanti. lakaraH, lyuT ca cayanam, jayanam. zakAraH, kartari zap bhavati, pacati. kavargaH, ktaktavatU niSThA bhuktaH, bhuktavat. priyavazo vadaH khac
talkaround. The label letters (a.k.a.
In particular --
(1) A label never makes it into an actual word.
So, when we join
(2) In any rule, "first letter of" means "first non- label letter of".
Example. When we join
(3) When counting letters, labels aren't counted.
Rule halGyA says "delete sip if it has one letter".
KAZIKA tasya it-saMjJakasya lopo bhavati. tathA caiva udAhRtam. tasya grahaNaM sarva-lopArtham, alo 'ntyasya mA bhUt Adir JiTuDava iti.
So far, it looks like label letters are always ignored. Are they useless?
No. See types of labels .
How can I find out which letters are labels?
The rules above this one (namely hal antyam, na vibhaktau tusmAH, Adir Ji;Tu;DavaH, SaH pratyayasya, cuTU, and la;za;kv ataddhite) allow you to find out which consonants are labels. For instance, the two
How can I find out which VOWELS are labels?
Sorry, you cannot. I'll have to tell you every time. See parens show labels .
In rule halGyA,
To save space ,
Exception to sthAnentaratamaH.
Examples:
TAGasi rule replaces TA Gasi Gas with
ecoya rule replaces
tas;thas;tha;mipAM tAM;taM;t%AmaH replaces