sandhi tablesmmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1484

The following tables answer the question: If a word ends in m and the next word starts with s, do these letters change, and what sandhi rules make the change?

If you only want the result but don't want to know the rules yet, do not use these tables; just use the sandhi gadget at inria. For instance, go there, type sarpAn at the left, santi at the right, choose HK, and press SEND; it will say "the external sandhi of sarpAn and sarvAn is sarpAnsarvAn". So, wordfinal n plus s makes ns.

(If you are curious, the word "External" means that this gadget is only guaranteed to work if both boxes contain words, and will likely spit nonsense if you write an affix at the right. )

(A) final vowels

(B) final m

(C) final n

(D) all final s r before khar or pause (the khar letters are kha pha cha Tha tha ca Ta tav ka pay za Sa sar )

(E) final as before non-khar

(F) final As before non-khar

(G) Final s that does not follow a A, and all final r

(H) Final t d T D k g p b

(I) Final G

(A) final vowelsmmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1485

before ch --

the vowel stays, and if the vowel is short, the ch turns into cch (by checa).

before other consonants --

the vowel and the consonant stay

ak before similar ak

replace both with the similar long (by akassa)

ik before non- similar vowel

replace the ik with the corresponding yaN (by ikoyaNaci)

I U e of a dual before any vowel

no change at all (by IdUded)

a and A before ik

replace both with the guNa vowel that is most-alike to the ik (see AdguNaH and How to replace with guNa or vRddhi. )

a and A before ec

replace both with the vRddhi vowel that is most-alike to the ec (see vRddhireci and How to replace with guNa or vRddhi. )

e o before a

the a disappears by eGaHp

e o before other vowels

turn into a_ a_ (by ecoya and lopazzA)

ai au before all vowels

turn into A_ Av respectively (by ecoya and lopazzA)

Back to sandhi tables .

(B) final mmmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1486

Before vowel and pause.

Final m stays

If a topdot is written before a vowel or a pause, that is an ancient way of spelling the m sound.

Before a consonant,

in the spelling,

m always turns into M (by monus).

in the pronunciation

the M is pronounced as an anusvAra sound before yaN and zar.

the M is pronounced as a nasal (by anus) before a Jay.

Back to sandhi tables .

(C) final nmmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1487

Before ku, pu, d, dh, S, s, n, y, r, v --

n stays

Before l

n to nasalized l~ (by torli)

Before vowel --

n doubles after a short (by Gamo),

but stays after a long.

Before z j jh,

n to J by stozz.

(the z can stay, or turn into ch or cch by zituk and other rules)

Before D Dh,

n to N by STunA. ( STunA won't work before S by exception toSSi.)

Before cha Tha tha ca Ta tav --

n to Ms Mz MS by nazchavya, stozz and STunA.

Back to sandhi tables .

(D) all final s r before khar or pausemmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1488

No matter if the s r is after a A or any other vowel, a wordfinal s or r will turn into --

H, before pause (by sasaju and kharava)

s, before s t th (by sasaju, kharava, vAzari, visarjanIyasyasaH)

z before c ch z (by the earlier rules plus stozz).

S before T Th S (by the earlier rules plus STunA).

either H or K F before ku pu (by kupvo and other rules), if the ku pu is not followed by a zar.

compulsorily H before ku pu (by zarpare), if the ku pu is followed by a zar.

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(E) final as before non- kharmmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1489

as plus a make o (by sasaju, atoro, AdguNaH, eGaHpa).

as turns into a_ (a plus hiatus) or into ay before the other vowels, (by bhobhago and lopazzA).

as turns into o before haz (by sasaju, hazica, AdguNaH).

Back to sandhi tables .

(F) final As before non- kharmmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1490

As turns into A_ (A plus hiatus) or into Ay before all vowels, (by bhobhago and lopazzA).

As turns into A before haz (by bhobhago and halisarveSAm).

Back to sandhi tables .

(G) Final s that does not follow a A, and all final rmmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1491

Before vowel --

s to r (by sasaju), r stays

kapis + aplavata →sasaju kapir aplavata "monkey jumped"

punar aplavata (stays) "jumped again"

Before r --

s r to nothing (by rori)

hayais + ratho yuktaH →rori hayai ratho yuktaH "the chariot is yoked with horses"

if the vowel before the disappeared s r is a i u, replace it with long (by Dhralope).

punas + rathaH →rori puna rathaH →Dhralope punA rathaH "again chariot"

Before other haz --

s to r (by sasaju),

kapes + lAGgUlam →sasaju kaper lAGgUlam "monkey's tail"

r stays

punar dravati (stays) "runs again"

Back to sandhi tables .

(H) Final t d T D k g p bmmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1492

The k T t p turn into g D d b by jhalAJjazonte, and

all g D d b --

(1) turn into t T k p before khar or pause (by kharica).

and that t plus z makes cch (by zazchoTi)

and t becomes c before c ch (by stozz)

and t becomes T before T Th (by STunA)

(2) turn into n N G m before nasal (by yaronu).

(3) combine with h into ddh DDh ggh bbh (by jhayoho).

(4) stay before vowel, and before the other haz (by jhalAJjazonte),

except that d plus l makes ll (by torli).

Back to sandhi tables .

(I) Final Gmmmmmmmmm ^ C- 1493

Words that end in G are very rare. Most are built by rule kvinpratyayasyakuH. Examples: prAG "eastern", dadhyaG "name of a sage".

Final G turns into --

GG, after short before vowel (by Gamohra)

and stays everywhere else.

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