→ 32134 habitual doer affixes, future time
32084 The following mean it's over.
32102 The
32106 The
32107 or
32108 in the
32110
32111
32115
32117 In a question about recent time, .
32123
32124
32126 to mean circumstance, characteristic, cause or motive of an action.
32127
32131 after
32132 after
headline. The next rules teach that the words made with certain affixes added after a root mean that the action of the root has finished, that is, that the action happened in the past.
Those affixes are --
kAnac kvasu by 32106 liTaHkAnajvA ff
liT by 32115 parokSeliT
That is, the nounbases made with kta or ktavatu mean past time. For instance --
han + kta →
Here kta means time before now --
Here ktavatu means time before now --
Here kta means time before another action --
And here ktavatu means time before another action --
The ktavatu enders always mean past time. The kta mostly mean past, with some exceptions allowed by exception sutras, such as JItaH ktaH.
This is a vedic rule.
This
Example with the root
Of course, as this
This rule is optional, so the veda uses the normal liT too --
Back to bhUte.
KAZIKA chandasi liTaH kAnajAdezo bhavati vA. agniM cikyAnaH. somaM suSuvANaH. varuNaM suSuvAnam. na ca bhavati. ahaM sUryamubhayato dadarza. ahaM dyAvApRthivI AtatAna. liDgrahaNaM kim, na pUrvasya eva prakRtasya AdezAvidhAne vibhaktivipariNAmo bhaviSyati? liNmAtrasya yathA syAt, yo 'pi parokSe vihitas tasya apyayam Adezo bhavati.
This
So, zru + kvasu will mean "that has heard" --
or, more commonly, "he heard" --
In the above examples,
Joining zru + vasu we get the nounbase
zru + liT
(For the change of this
The sup behave after kvasu the same way as after vasu.
KAZIKA chandasi liTaH kvasur AdezaH bhavati. jakSivAn. papivAn. na ca bhavati. ahaM sUryam ubhayato dadarza. yogavibhAga uttar%ArthaH.
The previous rule says that kvasu replacement is only allowed in the veda. This exception says that it can be used in the laukika, but only after sad vas' zru.
In practice you can ignore this rule. The kvasu is extremely rare anywhere outside of the veda. But when it is appears after all, for instance in the epics, it can appear after any root, not just these three.
Fortunately, the kvasu enders are easy to spot, because (1) they have reduplication (2) they have
These are some kosher examples after sad vas' zru --
As the replacement of liT with kvasu is optional, you may still say
And some non- kosher examples from other roots, all from the epics --
KAZIKA sada vasa zru ity etebhyaH parasya liTo bhASAyAM viSaye vA kvasur-Adezo bhavati. Adeza-vidhAnAd eva liD api tad-viSayo 'numIyate. upasedivAn kautsaH pANinim. tena mukte yathAprAptaM pratyayA bhavanti. upAsadat. upAsIdat. upasasAda. anUSIvAn kautsaH pANinim. anvavAtsIt. anvavasat. anUvAsa. upazuzruvAn kautsaH pANinim. upAzrauSIt. upAzRNot. upazuzrAva. luG-laG-viSaye parastAd anuvRtteH kvasur bhavati.
The luG tense, a.k.a. aorist, means past time. Just like the laG.
So these luG verbs have the same meaning as the laG forms
In most styles of Sanskrit, the luG is seldom used. Yet some works use it, like the
Students should avoid using the luG themselves, as the grammar rules are complicated and there are easier ways of expressing past events.
The inria reader and inria conjugation too are somewhat confused about the grammar rules of the aorist. So when you really need to identify what looks like an aorist, or you want to assemble some aorist, use the hyderabad toolkit. It is much safer.
Back to bhUte.
See also
Examples --
Even though
In inria, this laG tense is called impft. Do not mix that up with imp, which means loT.
Back to bhUte.
KAZIKA bhUte ityeva. anadyatane iti bahuvrIhinirdezaH. avidyamAnAdyatane bhUte 'rthe vartamAnAd dhAtor laG pratyayo bhavati. akarot. aharat. bahuvrIhinirdezaH kim arthaH? adya hyo vA abhukSmahi iti vyAmizre mA bhUt. parokSe ca lokavijJAte prayoktur darzanaviSaye laG vaktavyaH. aruNadyavanaH sAketam. aruNad yavano mAdyamikAn iti.
The liT is found mostly in the epics and the veda. The verbs that have liT show pft in inria reader.
Examples --
kR + liT tip →
The inria code for the liT is pft " perfect".
Back to bhUte.
( See also
KAZIKA bhUtAnadyatane iti vartate. tasya vizeSaNaM parokSagrahaNam. ghUtAnadyatanaparokSe 'rthe vartamanAd dhAtH liT pratyayo bhavati. nanu dhAtvarthaH sarvaH parokSa eva? satyam etat. asti tu loke dhAtvarthena api kArakeSu pratyakSAbhimanaH. sa yatra na asti tat parokSam ityucyate. cakAra. jahAra. uttamaviSaye 'pi cittavyAkSepAt parokSatA sambhavatyeva. tad yathA supto 'haM kila vilalApa. atyantApahnave ca liD vaktavyaH. kaliGgeSu sthito 'si? hAnaM kaliGgaJ jagAma. dakSiNApathaM praviSTo 'si? nAhaM dakSiNApathaM praviveza.
The word
Rules parokSeliT and anadyatanelaG forbid you to use liT to mean what you saw, or laG to mean what happened today.
This exception says that those tenses can be used in questions about what just happened, provided that the asker did not see the action happen. As in --
But if you saw
Other than it this "just now" situation, questions with liT will mean ancient time --
"What is happening" means that the action is not finished yet. So, we add the tense affix laT after a root to mean that the action of the root is ongoing, as in --
In practice the forms that have laT will most often translate into English as a present tense. However, sometimes they express what WAS or will be happening, as in --
See also
KAZIKA Arabdho 'parisamAptaz ca vartamAnaH. tasmin vartamAne 'rthe vartamanAd dhAtoH laT pratyayo bhavati. pacati. paThati.
These affixes, when added to a verb such as
and when we join
These nounbases must always be attached to some noun, forming expressions like --
and these expressions can only be used inside some sentence, such as --
This rule teaches two things. First, all zatR zAnac nounbases come from a laT verb that has the same meaning; as for instance, the
The affixes zatR and zAnac are created either by this rule, replacing laT, or by lRTaH sad vA, replacing lRT.
We must use zatR when the original laT or lRT verb gets a flat affix, and zAnac if it gets a bent. That's why in the examples at the top,
See lakSaNa;hetvoHkriyAyAH below.
KAZIKA laTaH zatRzAnacau ityetAvAdezau bhavataH, aprathamAntena cet tasya sAmAnAdhikaraNyaM bhavati. pacantaM devadattaM pazya. pacamAnaM devadattaM pazya. pacatA kRtam. pacamanena kRtam. aprathamAsamAnAdhikaraNe iti kim? devadattaH pacati. laTiti vartamane punar laGgrahaNam adhikavidhAnArtham. kvacit prathamAsamAnAdhikaraNe 'pi bhavati. san brAhmaNaH. asti brAhmaNaH. vidyamAnaH brAhmaNaH. vidyate brAhmaNaH. juhvat. juhoti. adhIyAnaH. adhIte. mAGyAkroze. mA pacan. mA pacamAnaH. kecid vibhASAgrahaNam anuvartayanti nanvor vibhASA
Rule laTazza allows sat-enders to describe nouns that have non- first ending. Without that restriction, the rule would have allowed
This rule allows attaching sat-enders to first-ender nouns, but only if those nouns are inside a sentence that means an action, and only when the zatR zAnac word expresses the circumstance, etc, of that action.
Counterexample. We may attach
Example. We may attach
This can be done because "horse crosses river" means an action of crossing, and swimming shows circumstance (shows how the horse crosses).
Examples with characteristic, cause, motive --
KAZIKA lakSyate cihnyate tal lakSaNam. janako hetuH. dhAtv-artha-vizeSaNaM caitat. lakSaNe hetau ca arthe vartamanAda dhAtoH parasya laTaH zatR;zAnacau Adezau bhavataH, tau cel lakSaNa-hetU kriyA-viSayau bhavataH. lakSaNe zayAnA bhuJjate yavanAH. tiSThanto 'nuzAsati gaNakAH. hetau arjayan vasati. adhIyAno vasati. lakSaNahetvoH iti kim? pacati, paThati. kriyAyAH iti kim? dravyaguNayor mA bhUt. yaH kampate so 'zvatthaH. yad utplavate tal laghu. yan niSIdati tad guru. lakSaNa-hetvoH iti nirdezaH pUrva-nipAta-vyabhicAra-liGgam.
This sat word is used in lRTassadvA and other rules.
KAZIKA tau zatR-zAnacau sat-saMjJau bhavataH. taugrahaNam upAdyasaMsargArtham. zatR-zAnaj-mAtrasya saMjJA bhavati. brAhmaNasya kurvan. brAhmaNasya kurvANaH. brAhmaNasya kariSyan. brAhmaNasya kariSyamANaH. sat-pradezAH [pUraNaguNasuhitArthasadavyayatavyasamAnAdhikaraNena]
We may use
As in --
This
See also my note about
KAZIKA amitraH zatruH. amitre kartari dviSer dhAtoH zatRpratyayo bhavati. dviSan, dviSantau, dviSantaH. amitre iti kim? dveSTi bhAryA patim.
In other words,
same meaning as
Incidentally, there is another word,
yaj + laT →
KAZIKA yajJena saMyogaH yajJasaMyogaH. yajJasaMyukte 'bhiSave vartamAnAt sunoter dhAtoH zatRpratyayo bhavati. sarve sunvantaH. sarve yajamAnAH satriNa ucyante. saMyogagrahaNaM pradhAnakartRpratipattyartham. yAjakesu mA bhUt. yajJasaMyoge iti kim? sunoti surAm.