voiced and unvoiced sounds.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 1354

A speech sound is " voiced" when the vocal folds vibrate, and unvoiced otherwise. For more details, see --

wikipedia on Voice (phonetics).

The vowels are always voiced.

The haz are always voiced.

Including the M sound, that replaces m or n.

Including h, that is always voiced (even though English H is unvoiced).

The thirteen khar are always unvoiced.

Including H, K and F, that are replacements of s.

When chanting, we must replace a versefinal aH etc, that have an unvoiced H, with ahA etc, which have a voiced h inside (see h plus echo in chanting ).

long before rmmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 1355

When a word appears to end in A I U and the next one starts with r, that A I U can be --

(1) A real A I U,

(2) An Ar Ir Ur As Is Us that lost r s, or

(3) An ar ir ur is us that lost r s, then became long by Dhralope.

Examples of (1) --

kukkuTI ramate "hen has fun"

kapI ramete "two monkeys have fun"

Example of (2) --

kukkuTIs + rakSati →sasaju kukkuTIr + rakSati →rori kukkuTI rakSati "protects the hens"

Example of (3) --

kapis + ramate →sasaju kapir + ramate →rori kapi + ramate →Dhralope kapI ramate "monkey has fun"

san summarymmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1356

Some rules that mention san --

dhAtoHkarma

sanAdyantA

The sa(n) affix turns a root that means "X" into another root that means "wants to X".

pac (root for "cook") + san pipakSa (root for "want to cook")

sanyaGoH

The root before san reduplicates

sanyataH

The stammer often gets i

pUrvavatsanaH

If the original root takes bent, then so does the san root

bent tiGmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1357

Of the eighteen tiG affixes, the first nine are flat (the flat tiG ), and the last nine are bent. The bent are --

ta AtAm jha = he they2 they

thAs AthAm dhvam = you you2 y'all

iT' vahi mahi = I we2 we

Please chant again and again the mantra tAtAJjha thAsAthAndhvam iDvahimahiG until you can remember those nine affixes in that order.

These affixes are used directly when they replace a Git tense. For instance, when these nine replace laG, and we add them after plava, we get --

aplavata aplavetAm aplavanta

aplavathAs aplavethAm aplavadhvam

aplave aplavAvahi aplavAmahi

which mean --

he jumped	they2 jumped	they jumped
you1 jumped	you2 jumped	y'all jumped
I jumped	we2 jumped	we jumped

In these, the a in fron comes from luGlaG, the A in aplavA comes from atodIrghoyaJi, and the e of aplavetAm and aplavethAm comes from AtoGitaH. The jha affix became anta''' by jhontaH.

When these affixes replace a Tit tense, rule Tita works on them.

See also flat tiG .

flat tiGmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1358

The first nine tiG affixes are flat --

tip tas jhi = he they2 they

sip thas tha = you you2 y'all

mip vas mas = I we2 we

Please chant again and again the mantra tiptasjhi sipthastha mibvasmas until you can remember those nine affixes in that order.

These nine affixes are used directly when they replace a Tit tense. For instance, when they replace laT, and we add them after cara, we get --

carati caratas caranti

carasi carathas caratha

carAmi carAvas carAmas.

These mean --

he is moving	they2 are moving	they are moving
you1 are moving	you2 are moving	y'all are moving
I am moving	we2 are moving	we are moving

Here, carajhi became caranti by jhontaH, and cara became carA by atodIrghoyaJi.

Important warning about the inria conjugation gadget. Looking at the first set of verb forms in page car 1, you will notice that inria displays the carati caratas caranti at the bottom, and the carAmi carAvas carAmas line at the top. I do the opposite thing, so that my affixes come out in the same order in which they appear in the tiptasjhi list. Also, I am using the same order that the verb tables at hyderabad use.

When these affixes replace a Git tense, rules itazca, tasthastha and nityaM GitaH work on them.

See also bent tiG.

Labels and accent.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1361

You don't need to learn about accent unless you are planning to learn to chant the vedas, and if you ae planning so, you better get teaching from someone qualified and ignore everything I say.

Yet, it is nice for you to know that the labels n of tRn tumun, last t of tavyat, r of kelimar, l of lyap are just for accent, therefore you don't need to worry about them.

I have translated some of the rules that have to do with accent, just in case you are curious --

(A) The cit affixes have acute on the final, by citaH

(B) the Jnit make the first syllable of the word acute, by JnityAdi

(C) a kit taddhita gets acute on the final, by kitaH

(D) lit affixes make the syllable before the affix acute, by liti

(E) pit affixes are accentless, by anudAttau

(F) rit affixes get the acute in their nexttolast vowel, by upottamaMriti

(G) the tit take falling on the first, by titsvaritam, and

(H) all other affixes get acute at the start of the affix by AdyudAttazca.

Example. In pc Sanskrit, that is, in the language described by pANini, the mriyate that means "he dies" has the accent on the mri, because zyan made (B) work, while the mriyate meaning "there is death here" has the accent on the ya, because (H) says yak gets the accent.

But you don't need to know that, and may pronounce both words the exact same way, because nearly all speakers do that, and no one is going to complain.

How to replace with guNa or vRddhi.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 1362

Because of the most-alike rule, when any rule tells us to "replace with guNa" --

* The letters that raise the tongue (namely i I e ai) turn into e, which raises tongue.

* The letters that bring the lips together, u U o au, turn into o, which joins lips.

* And the others, R RR L, turn into a. No wait... actually, they turn into ar al, by uraNraparaH.

Examples of --

I to e --

nI + tumun →hardsoft netum

u to o --

dru + tumun →hardsoft drotum

R to ar --

kR + tumun →hardsoft kartum

L to al --

kLp + zap + te''' →puganta kalpate

Please remember that the Sanskrit o is never pronounced like the O of hOt, that does not round the lips. Sanskrit o always rounds the lips (but not so much as u). Also, o is always long. For practice, listen to bhg 6 46, which has eight o in it.

The coulson book says that the guNa replacement of a is "a or A". As far as I know that is nonsense, because no rule ever replaces a with guNa.

What's a " woman", exactly.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1364

The word strI- means "woman" in ordinary Sanskrit, but in grammarian jargon it means --

any female being,

any word that means any female being,

any word that behaves grammatically as if it did,

and anything or anyone that can be meant by any such word (including some men)

Sanskrit grammarians often value shortness more than accuracy, so don't panic if a grammarian says strI nadI " river is woman " where a Western grammarian would have said " the nounbase nadI- is feminine".

Some examples of " women" --

yoSit "woman"

nArI "woman"

sItA "pn"

bAlA "little girl"

vRddhA "old woman"

mAtA "mother"

ajA "she-goat"

matis "opinion"

vidyut "flash of lightning"

bRhannalA "arjuna when in drag in virATa"

siMhyau "two lionesses"

kukkuTyas "hens"

These examples carry a first ending. Some of them have a feminine affix before the ending, and some don't. The su has been delete by halGyA after all the examples except mati-.

About the dhAtupATha.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 1365

The dhAtupATha ("root-recitation") is a list of two-thousand-odd roots.

You should know three things about the dhAtupATha --

(1) Most of the roots there are useless for you. Just like most of the words of the Merriam-Webster are useless for you.

(2) The list of roots is divided into ten groups, also called verb classes , which are named after the first root listed in each group. So the first class is called bhvAdi "those that start at bhU", the second class adAdi " ad and so on", the third class juhotyAdi "hu and so on". And so on.

(3) When I write ad 02.0003, I mean the third root of the second group (the zapclass) of the ashtadhyayidotcom dhAtupATha .

The reason that the list has lots of useless roots is that Sanskrit grammarians have been adding roots to this list since at least when the pyramids were half old as they are now. And as no one ever dares to erase anything from the list, it keeps gathering barnacles.

Some affixes are augments.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 1366

The augments are certain short affixes that have T k or label. Some of them are --

nuT sIyuT yAsuT

tuk muk puk

num mum

The augments turn an affix into another affix, or a root into another root, etc. For instance, here the augment puk turns the root jJA into jJAp, which is also a root --

jJA + Nic →mitAMhrasvaH jJa + Nic → jJa + puk + Nic → jJap + Nic → jJapi

There are three sorts of augments --

Titaugments -- added in front of whatever they are added to. See Adyantau for examples.

kitaugments -- added at the end, like most affixes. See Adyantau again.

mitaugments -- added after the last vowel. See midaco.

Please notice that all augments have label T k or m, but not all affixes with T k m are augments. For instance, iT' (a tiG), TA (a sup), and Tac (a taddhita) are not augments.