sya;tAsI lR;luToH ONPANINI 31033
( root gets) sya tAs before lR luT.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 233

" lR " means " lRT and lRG ". So, roots before lRT lRG get sya --

kR + lRT kR + sya + lRT kariSyati "he will do"

kR + lRG → akR + lRG akR + sya + lRG akariSyat "he would have done"

and roots before luT get tAs --

kR + luT kR + tAs + luT kartA "he'll do it"

This rule works even before lasya has changed the tense into a tiG. After the lasya, rules sArvadhAtukeyak, kartarizap, etc, find that they cannot work, because the hard affix is no longer right after a root --

kR + lRT kR + sya + lRT →lasya kR + sya + tip →Rddhanossye kR + iSya + tip → kariSyati "he will do"

kAs;pratyayAd Am amantre liTi ONPANINI 31035
kAs, the sanAdyanta, and anekAc roots get Am'' before liT.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C+ 234

Add Am'' after kAs and the sanAdyanta roots (such as cinti, pAci, lolUya), when they are before liT.

Whenever this happens, rule liTidhA does not work -- the root is not reduplicated.

Examples with the root kAs and the sanAdyanta roots cinti, pAci, lolUya --

kAs + liT ta → kAs + ez kAs + Am'' + ez →AmaH kAs + Am'' kAsAJMcakre "he coughed"

cinti + liT tip → cinti + Nal cinti + Am'' + Nal →AmaH cinti + Am'' →hardsoft cinte + Am cintayAJMcakAra "he thought"

pAci + liT jhi → pAci + us pAci + Am'' + us →AmaH pAci + Am'' →hardsoft pAce + Am pAcayAJMcakrus "he thought"

Example withan anekAc root --

daridrA + Nal daridrAJMcakAra "he became poor"

Back to Which roots get Am'' .

(1) add the liT affix that AmaH removed after the root kR. This makes the verbs kR + ez = cakre, kR + Nal = cakAra, kR + ez = cakrus , and

(2) add those verbs after the kAsAm, cintayAm, pAcayAm.

Incidentally, instead of using the kR, we can use bhU as too. I'll show examples of that at kRJcA.

lolUya + Nal lolUyAJMcakre "he cut with force; he harvested"

yuyutsa + Nal yuyutsAJMcakre "he was about to fight; he wanted to fight"

ijAdezca gurumato 'n-RcchaH ONPANINI 31036
Roots that start with a heavy ic get Am'' (before liT), except Rcch.mmmmmmmmm ^ M+ C- 235

Examples. The roots Ih Uh IkS start with heavy ik vowels, so they get Am'' --

IkS + liT ta → IkS + ez IkS + Am'' + ez →AmaH IkS + Am'' IkSAJMcakre "he saw"

Counterexamples. The roots iS iN' zIG don't start with a heavy ic, so they get liTidhA normally --

iyeSa "he wanted"

iyAya "he went"

zizye "he lay down"

Two important exceptions. The roots Rcch and UrNu start with a heavy ic, but this rule doesn't work on them --

Rcch + Nal Anarccha "he went"

pra + UrNu + Nal prorNunAva "he covered"

Back to Which roots get Am'' .

day';.Ay';Asaz ca ONPANINI 31037
day ay As too (get Am'').mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 236

So we say --

day + liT ta dayAJMcakre "had pity on"

palAyAJMcakre "fleed"

AsAJMcakre "sat"

Back to which roots get Am'' .

uSa;vida;jAgRbhyo 'nyatarasyAm ONPANINI 31038
uS vid jAgR (get Am'') optionally.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 237

So, with Am'', these make --

uS + Nal uS + Am'' + Nal oSAmAsa "burnt"

vidAmAsa "knew"

jAgarAmAsa "woke up"

alternatively, there is liTidhA as usual --

uS + Nal →liTidhA u + uS + Nal uvoSa "burnt"

viveda "knew"

jajAgAra "woke up"

Notice that vid is special. It doesn't get puganta before Am'', but gets it before liT.

This rule only works on the vid root that means "know". Other vid roots make viveda only.

Back to Which roots get Am'' .

bhI;hrI;bhR;huvAM zluvac ca ONPANINI 31039
bhI hrI bhR hu get zlu-like ( Am'' optionally).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 238

So these reduplicate before Am'' as if zlau had worked --

bhI + Am'' bibhI + Am →hardsoft bibhe + Am →ecoya bibhayAm

hrI + Am'' jihrI + Am →hardsoft jihre + Am →ecoya jihrayAm

bhR + Am'' bibhR + Am →hardsoft bibharAm

hu + Am'' juhu + Am →hardsoft juho + Am →ecoya juhavAm

kRJ c/Anuprayujyate liTi ONPANINI 31040
(After Am''-ender,) add also an auxiliary with the liT.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 239

After AmaH removes a tiG, stick that tiG after any of kR bhU as, and attach the resulting verb after the Am'', as if it were an affix.

(These kR bhU as are called auxiliary roots.)

Example. To mean "he thougt", we join cint + liT tip. Several rules turn that into cintayAm + Nal, then AmaH removes the Nal --

cint + liT → cint + tip → cint + Nal →satyApa cinti + Nal →kAspra cinti + Am'' + Nal →hardsoft cinte + Am + Nal →ecoya cintayAm + Nal →AmaH cintayAm

This rule says that first, we add the Nal we removed after kR. That makes a verb --

kR + Nal → cakR + Nal →acoJNiti cakAra

And then, we add that cakAra to the cintayAm we got earlier as if it were an affix --

cintayAm cintayAm + cakAra →monusvA cintayAM + cakAra →anusvA cintayAJMcakAra "he thought"

This cintayAJMcakAra is a single word for all purposes. It is the liT of cint.

See also Am-pratyayavat.

Back to Am'' summary .

cintayAmMbabhUva "he thought"

cintayAmAsa "he thought"

cli luGi ONPANINI 31043
Roots get cli before luG.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 240

All luG make the root take cli.

This cli prevents the root from getting yak, zap, zlu, za etc.

cli will always be replaced with one of the affixes mentioned in the list of aorist types -- usually with sic, sometimes with caG or aG or ksa. Sometimes sic is added, and then removed.

In inria and Western grammars, the different affixes that replace cli are represented with numbers. I'll show some examples. Typing into inria reader alAviSam abhUd adrAkSId adikSad apIpacad adudruvat, we get to this page --

abhUd adrAkSId apIpacad adudruvad alAviSam adikSat

The number that inria shows after " aor" tells us what affix replaced cli --

abhUt "he was" -- aor [1] -- got luk

adrAkSIt "he saw" -- aor [4] -- got sic

apIpacat "he made others cook" -- aor [3] -- got caG

adudruvat "he ran" -- aor [3] -- got caG

alAviSam "I reaped" -- aor [5] -- got iSic

adikSat "he pointed or appointed" -- aor [7] -- got ksa

Inria is a bit confused about apIpacat, because it says that it is an aorist of root pac, while actually it is the aorist of pAci, the causative of pac.

cleH sic ONPANINI 31044
cli to s(ic).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 241

The cli made by the previous rule will be replaced with s(ic) unless an exception says otherwise.

Examples with an aniT root, kR "make". These are "aor [4]" or s-aorist --

kR + luG mip → kR + cli + mip kR + sic + mip → kR + s + am''' →luGlaG akR + s + am →sicivRddhiH akAr + s + am →kric akArSam "I made"

kR + luG tip → kR + cli + tip kR + sic + tip →luGlaG akR + s + tip → akR + s + t''' →sicivRddhiH akArs + t →asti;sico akArs + It →kric akArSIt "he made"

Example with a seT root, lU "reap". These are "aor [5]" or is-aorist --

lU + luG mip → lU + cli + mip →luGlaG alU + cli + mip alU + sic + mip →ArdhadhAtukasyeD alU + iSic + mip → alU + iS + am''' →sicivRddhiH alau + iS + am →ecoy alAviSam "I reaped"

Back to aorist types .

zala:: ig-upadhAd aniTaH ksaH ONPANINI 31045
( cli to) (k)sa after ikzal-ender aniT.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 242 luG

Exception to clessic.

An ikzal-ender is root that ends in ik plus zal. For instance, diz dih lih guh dviS viz duh are ikzal.

The ikzal that are aniT (like the seven above) get (k)sa instead of sic.

The label k of (k)sa prevents puganta. The zal of the root always combines with the sa to make kSa.

Example with z --

diz + luG → diz + tip → diz + cli + tip diz + ksa + tip → diz + sa + t''' →luGlaG adiz + sa + t →vrazcabhrasja adiS + sat →SaDhoHkassi adikSat "he pointed out, he directed, he commanded"

Example with S --

dviS + luG tip a + dviS + sa + t''' →SaDhoHkassi advikSat "he hated"

Example with h --

lih + luG tip alih + sa + t →hoDhaH aliDh + sat →SaDhoHkassi alikSat "he licked"

If the root is a baz plus ik plus h, we get throwback --

dih + luG tip adih + sa + t →hoDhaH adiDh + sa + t →ekAcoba adhiDh + sa + t →SaDhoHkassi adhikSat "he increased, accumulated"

duh + luG tip adhukSat "he milked"

guh + luG tip aghukSat "he covered, hid"

Inria labels the above verbs as "aor [7]". You kmay also call them ksa-aorist, because they have kSa inside, or ksa-aorit, because they got affix ksa.

Back to aorist types .

na dRzaH ONPANINI 31047
But not dRz.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 243

Exception: dRz is unaffected by zala::igu. So it gets sic --

dRz + luG tip → dRz + t''' →luGlaG adRz + t → adRz + sic + t → adRz + s + It''' →vrazcabhrasja adRS + sIt →sRjidRzo adraS + sIt →atohalA adrAS + sIt →SaDhoHkassi adrAkSIt "saw"

Besides sic, the root dRz may also get aG optionally, because it is listed as dRz(ir) in the dhAtupATha --

dRz + luG tip →iritovA dRz + aG + tip adRz + a + t''' →RdRzoGiguNaH adarzat "he saw"

Ni;zri;dru;srubhyaH kartari caG ONPANINI 31048
cli to caG after Ni-enders, zri dru sru kam before kartari.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 244 luG

This (c)a(G) affix is just an a. The G label triggers kGitica, the c label just tells this caG affix apart from the aG affix.

Inria flags the verbs that have caG with " aor [3] ", no matter their verb class. Some people call these verbs chang-aorist or reduplicated aorist.

Examples. rakSi is a Nic-ender root, and so is cinti. When we add luG after dru, rakSi, cinti, we get caG instead of sic --

dru + luG tip →luGlaG adru + tip → adru + t''' adru + caG + t → adudru + a + t →aciznu adudruvat

rakSi + luG tip →luGlaG arakSi + tip → arakSi + t''' arakSi + caG + t →NeraniTi arakS + a + t →caGi ararakSat

cinti + luG tip →luGlaG acinti + tip → acinti + t''' acinti + caG + t →NeraniTi acint + a + t →caGi acicintat

As you can see, adding the caG affix erased the Nic and reduplicated the root.

Because of several rules, that i will explain later, most of the caG verbs end up having a heavy root syllable after a light stammer --

pAci + luG tip apIpacat "he made (them) cook"

cori + luG tip acUcurat "he stole"

hR + Nic + luG tip → hAri + luG tip ajIharat "he made them take"

You will notice that in these examples the i of pAci cori hAri disappeared, and there was reduplication, just like earlier. But then the vowel of pAc cor hAr was shortened into pac cur har (by NaucaGyupa). When reduplicating pac har, the papac hahar turned into pipac hijar (from sanyataH, which works here because sanvalla says so). Then the stammers of pipac cucur hihar lengthened their vowel by dIrgholaghoH. If any of this is unclear, do not worry. Tomorrow you may look at the examples in rules NaucaGyupa, sanyataH, sanvalla, dIrgholaghoH. Do not do that today, lest your brain explodes.

asyati;vakti;khyAtibhyo 'G ONPANINI 31052
After asyati vac khyA. ( cli to) aG (before kartari).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 245

Exception to cleHsic. The roots mentioned here, as well as those mentioned in the next four rules ( lipisicihvazca puSAdidyu sartti;zAsty;a iritovA), get a(G) instead of the usual sic. This a(G) affix is also called ang-aorist, a-aorist, or, in inria, " aor [2]" (see aorist types ).

Examples --

pari + as' + kartari luG ta pari + as + aG + ta →AD-aj-AdInAm pari + AT + as + aG + ta →asyatesthuk pari + Asth + aG + ta →ikoyaNaci paryAsthata "he threw all around"

vac + kartari luG tip →luGlaG avac + tip → avac + t''' avac + aG + t''' →vaca::um avoc + aG + t''' → avocat "he said"

AG + khyA + aG + t''' →Atolopa A + khy + a + t → Akhyat "he said"

paryAsiSAtAGM gAvau vatsena "the cows were separated by the calf"

( The akartari luG is found once in a blue moon. Except ciN. )

lipi;sici;hvaz ca ONPANINI 31053
lip sic' hve (get aG)mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 246

Examples --

lip + luG tip lip + aG + tip alipat "he smeared"

sic' + luG tip sic + aG + tip asicat "he sprinkled"

AG + hve + luG tip Ahvat "he called"

Next rule is an exception.

AtmanepadeSv anyatarasyAm x ONPANINI 31054
(lip sic' hve get aG) optionally before bents.mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 247 luG

So, before luG, these three can get aG instead of the usual sic --

lip + luG ta lip + aG + ta →luGlaG alipata "he smeared"

sic' + luG ta → sic + aG + ta →luGlaG asicata "he sprinkled, consecrated with holy water"

alternatively, they get sic --

lip + luG ta a + lip + sic + ta →jhalojhali alipta "he smeared"

a + sic' + sic + ta →jhalojhali asicta →coHkuH asikta "he sprinkled"

puSAdi;dyutAdy;LditaH parasmaipadeSu ONPANINI 31055
puS-class dyut-class and the Ldit (get aG) before flatmmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 248

After puS --

puS + luG tip →luGlaG apuS + tip apus + aG + tip → apuS + aG + t''' → apuSat

After gam zak, which are Ldit roots (because the dhAtupATha lists them as gam(L) zak(L) ) --

agamat

azakat

Won't work before bent --

vi + dyut + sic + ta → vyadyotiSTa

sartti;zAsty;artibhyazca ONPANINI 31056
sR zAs R (get aG before bent and flat).mmmmmmmmm ^ M- C+ 249 luG

Examples --

sR + luG → sR + t''' →luGlaG asR + t → asarat

zAs + luG tip → azAs + tip → azAs + t''' azAs + aG + t →zAsa::idaG;haloH azis + a + t →zAsi;vasi;ghasInAMca aziSat

R + luG → R + t''' →AD-aj-AdInAm Ar + t Ar + aG + t → Arat "he went"

ir-ito vA ONPANINI 31057
The irit optionally (get aG before flat).mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 250 luG

Exception to clessic. Roots labelled with (ir) in the dhAtupATha may get aG instead of the usual sic. But only before flat.

For instance, ad 07.0002 bhid bhidi~r vidAraNe and ad 01.1143 dRz dRzi~r prekSaNe have label ir, so they may get aG --

bhid + luG tip bhid + aG + tip abhidat "he broke"

dRz + luG tip dRz + aG + tip →RdRzoGi darz + aG + tip adarzat "he saw"

If we don't apply this rule, these get sic as usual --

bhid + luG tip bhid + sic + tip →luGlaG abhid + s + tip → abhid + s + t''' → abhid + s + It''' →vada;vraja abhaid + sIt →kharica abhaitsIt "he broke"

dRz + luG tip dRz + sic + tip adrAkSIt "he saw"

ciN bhAva-karmaNoH ONPANINI 31066
Optionally (replace cli with ) ciN when ta does not mean the doer.mmmmmmmmm ^ C+ 251

Exception to clessic.

This (c)i(N) can be added to all roots, but only before ta.

Some examples when ta means nothing --

azAyi kaTe "lying down happened on a mat"

azAyi kaTe tena "he lay down on a mat"

Some examples when ta means the object. The object must be singular and third person. --

akAri kaTaH "a mat was made"

akAri kaTo mayA "a mat was made by me, I made a mat"

See also aorist types .

kR + akartari luG ta →luGlaG akR + ta → akR + cli + ta akR + ciN + ta →ciNoluk akR + ciN →acoJNiti akAri "it was made"